Understanding the dark side of personality in sex offenders considering the level of sexual violence.

This study examined the relationship between the actual level of physical violence in sexual offenses and dark triad, empathic and impulsive personality traits of their perpetrators. Sixty-four male perpetrators of sexual offenses without any serious mental illness were included. A 5-point Likert-type coding system based on Violence Profile for Current Offense was applied to assess the severity of physical violence of each sexual offense. Personality traits of dark triad (psychopathy, Machiavellianism, narcissism), trait empathy and impulsiveness were also evaluated. Multivariate analyses indicated that non-stranger victim, secondary psychopathy, narcissism and empathy could significantly predict greater involvement of physical violence in a sexual offense. In addition, empathy was negatively correlated with all dark triad traits. Sexual violence should be conceptualized in the form of a continuum, and, considering such an approach, offenders with high secondary psychopathy and narcissism may show preference for sexual assaults that are more violent in nature.

Acceptance of a Web-Based Intervention in Individuals Who Committed Sexual Offenses Against Children: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals who have committed sexual offenses against children often have difficulties finding treatment, despite its potential effectiveness. Although the development of web-based interventions could enhance therapeutic supply, up to now the acceptance thereof among this target group is unknown. OBJECTIVE: For the first time, this study assesses the acceptance of a web-based intervention among individuals who committed sexual offenses against children and analyzes variables that predict acceptance. Following the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), it is assumed that acceptance of web-based interventions in individuals who have committed sexual offenses against children follows the same mechanisms as for individuals in general psychiatry. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is based on the data from an ongoing clinical trial (@myTabu) evaluating the effectiveness of a web-based intervention in individuals who committed sexual offenses against children (N=113). Acceptance level was measured using a questionnaire based on the UTAUT and modified for the target group. Furthermore, predictors of acceptance from the UTAUT (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence [SI]), attitudes toward web-based interventions, and internet anxiety were assessed at baseline. RESULTS: Most participants (61.1%, 69/113), reported high acceptance, while 36.3% (41/113) of them indicated moderate acceptance, and 2.7% (3/113) of them expressed low acceptance. In a linear regression model, the predictors explained 41.2% of the variance (F11,101=9.055; P=.01). Attitudes toward web-based interventions (B=0.398, 95% CI 0.16-0.64; P=.001) and SI (B=0.183, 95% CI 0.03-0.38; P=.04) significantly predicted acceptance. Post hoc explorative analysis showed that the participants' belief that people close to them would recommend the use of a web-based intervention is a predictor of acceptance. In contrast, the belief that their community supervisor would recommend the use thereof was not predictive in this respect. CONCLUSIONS: For the participants of this study, we identified high acceptance of web-based interventions for the majority of participants. SI and the participants' attitudes toward web-based interventions were important in predicting acceptance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Registration (DRKS, Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien) DRKS 00021256; https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00021256.

Machine Learning and Risk Assessment: Random Forest Does Not Outperform Logistic Regression in the Prediction of Sexual Recidivism.

Although many studies supported the use of actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) because they outperformed unstructured judgments, it remains an ongoing challenge to seek potentials for improvement of their predictive performance. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, like random forests, are able to detect patterns in data useful for prediction purposes without explicitly programming them (e.g., by considering nonlinear effects between risk factors and the criterion). Therefore, the current study aims to compare conventional logistic regression analyses with the random forest algorithm on a sample of N = 511 adult male individuals convicted of sexual offenses. Data were collected at the Federal Evaluation Center for Violent and Sexual Offenders in Austria within a prospective-longitudinal research design and participants were followed-up for an average of M = 8.2 years. The Static-99, containing static risk factors, and the Stable-2007, containing stable dynamic risk factors, were included as predictors. The results demonstrated no superior predictive performance of the random forest compared with logistic regression; furthermore, methods of interpretable ML did not point to any robust nonlinear effects. Altogether, results supported the statistical use of logistic regression for the development and clinical application of ARAIs.

Public Perceptions Toward Community Management Policies for Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Community management policies for individuals convicted of sexual offenses (ICSO) are controversial, mainly because the effectiveness of these policies in reducing recidivism is limited and appear to have some collateral effects. Despite this, the current meta-analysis found the public highly support these policies. Studies examining public perceptions regarding community management policies for ICSO to understand levels of support, misconceptions about the policies, and factors affecting the views of the public were reviewed. After searching 7 electronic databases, 43 studies, both quantitative and qualitative, were included in the systematic review and 31 in the meta-analysis. Studies could be longitudinal or cross-sectional, needed to include public attitudes, opinions, and perceptions about ICSO community management policies and could include standardized or non-standardized measures, indirect assessments of attitudes, along with interviews and focus groups. Results suggest that overall, policies were supported by 76% of the public, 61% believed in their effectiveness, and 63% felt safer because of the policies. However, only 36% accessed the registry, 38% took preventive actions, and 40% were aware/concerned about the collateral consequences. All analyses yielded high levels of heterogeneity. Misconceptions about policies and ICSO were moderate. Finally, 36 studies explored factors that affected the public's attitudes and perceptions of policies with a variety of significant associations and predictors. The findings provide comprehensive evidence that while these policies are supported by the public, the public have less belief in the effectiveness of them in protecting children and reducing recidivism. Implications for public policy and future research are discussed.

Between Voices and Silence: Indigenous Women and Sexual Offenses by Men Among the Arhuaco People.

The field of legal anthropology has widely debated Indigenous Peoples' justice practices. However, Indigenous Peoples' legal perspective on sexual offenses remains understudied. In this respect, this article approaches the spiritual and political dimensions of the Arhuaco People's justice system to examine its procedures and sanctions. We want to understand how the Arhuaco People administer justice in cases where male community members are allegedly responsible for committing sexual crimes against women. During fieldwork in the Arhuaco territory, the authors employ methodologies drawn from the procedural paradigm-legal conscience studies as an interpretive framework to understand how Arhuaco women conceive legal phenomena.

Are mental disorders associated with recidivism in men convicted of sexual offenses?

INTRODUCTION: In offending populations, prevalence rates of mental disorders are much higher than in the general population. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether mental disorders can improve the prediction of recidivism beyond actuarial risk assessment tools. METHODS: The present prospective-longitudinal study was conducted between 2001 and 2021 and included 1066 men convicted of sexual offenses in Austria. All participants were evaluated with actuarial risk assessment tools for the prediction of sexual and violent recidivism and the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Sexual and violent reconvictions were assessed. RESULTS: Exhibitionism and an exclusive pedophilia showed the strongest correlations with sexual recidivism in the total sample. In the child related offense subsample additionally a narcissistic personality disorder was correlated with sexual recidivism. The strongest correlation with violent recidivism was found for an antisocial and borderline personality disorder. None of the mental disorders could improve the prediction of recidivism beyond actuarial risk assessment tools. CONCLUSION: Common current actuarial risk assessment tools revealed good predictive accuracy in men convicted of sexual offenses. With few exceptions mental disorders were only weakly associated with recidivism, suggesting that there is no direct link between mental disorders and violent and sexual reoffending. Mental disorders should nevertheless be considered in treatment issues.

"It was wrapped in a kind of normalcy": The lived experience and consequences in adulthood of survivors of female child sexual abuse.

BACKGROUND: Survivors' surveys on the frequency of sexual offenses committed by women indicated a prevalence rate of 9.9 % to 11.6 %. Nevertheless, only a few studies have explored the long-term consequences of abuse on survivors. OBJECTIVES: Examine the lived experiences and the long-term consequences of child sexual abuse committed by women. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen adult participants who experienced child sexual abuse conducted by female offenders participated in the study. METHODS: The Interpretive Phenomenological Approach was applied to semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: Three central themes emerged: types of abuse, characteristics of the perpetrator, and consequences of abuse. Most survivors experienced direct or indirect forms of sexual abuse committed by their mothers. In most cases, the offenders masked their abuse in caregiving, disciplinary or playful behavior. The survivors perceived their mothers as narcissistic, controlling, hostile, and having tremendous difficulties with separation. The survivors reported the need to engage in extensive negative long-lasting psychopathologies, which they attributed partly to having been invalidated and silenced by society. Many participants expressed fears of re-enacting the survivor or perpetrator role, which has led to difficulties in various relationships. They described an altered perception of their bodies as shameful and repulsive, manifesting in self-harm, eating disorders, and the elimination of signs of femininity. CONCLUSION: This complex form of sexual abuse hampers the internalization and the construction of positive feminine, masculine, and parental identities.

Sexual Recidivism During Treatment: Impact on Therapists.

There are few studies of therapists' reactions to working with individuals who have committed sexual offenses, and almost none on reactions following sexual recidivism by a patient who is currently in treatment. Consequently, the aim of the current study was to analyze the cognitive and emotional reactions, as well as the intervention strategies, of therapists who have learned of the sexual recidivism of a patient. A total of 59 participants from the province of Quebec (Canada) completed a questionnaire on their reactions to this event. Participants' responses to their patient's recidivism varied as a function of gender, experience, and the way they learned of the recidivism. The most common cognitions reported were thinking of the victim and thinking about the consequences of further judicialization for the patient and those close to them. The most common emotions reported were sadness for the victim and fear that the patient would reoffend again. The most common intervention strategies were being sensitive to the experience of the patient and asking the patient what drove them to offend. Support measures for therapists working with individuals who have committed sexual offenses during treatment are discussed.

Noncompleted Sexual Offenses: Internal States, Risks and Difficulties Related to Crime Commission through the Lens of Sexual Offenders.

The study aims to generate insights from sexual offenders on the influence of internal states and how they perceive risks of apprehension and difficulties in the context of noncompleted sexual offenses, that is when offenders initiated the offense but were stopped or discouraged either before or during sexual contact. Adult males incarcerated for sexually offending completed a self-report questionnaire. Regression models, including interaction effects, were estimated. Two interaction effects were found providing insights into which and how internal states, such as intoxication to alcohol, may influence perceived difficulties related to crime. Future research should promote the investigation of noncompleted sexual offenses, which could provide a real opportunity to generate new or complementary insights for better understanding and guiding prevention initiatives.

Input from the frontlines: parole and probation officers' perceptions of policies directed at those convicted of sexual offenses.

Sex offender laws were designed to decrease sexual violence. The current mixed methods study examined attitudes and opinions of parole and probation officers who have supervised individuals convicted of sexual offenses (n = 361) regarding sex offender legislation and how these policies can be most effective in preventing recidivism. About half of the officers reported that registration and notification, sexually violent predator and Halloween laws were largely effective in preventing sexual victimization. Conversely, they perceived residence restriction laws and the tier system to be largely ineffective. A consistent theme that emerged from the qualitative responses was a movement away from blanket approaches towards a case-specific approach, tailoring the laws to individuals based upon their needs and risk level.

Atendimento de enfermagem às mulheres em situação de violência sexual: representações sociais de enfermeiros / Nursing care for women in situations of sexual violence: social representations of nurses / Atención de enfermería a mujeres en situaciones de violencia sexual: representaciones sociales de los profesionales de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as representações sociais de enfermeiros acerca do atendimento de enfermagem prestado às mulheres em situação de violência sexual. Método: estudo qualitativo, tipo exploratório-descritivo, fundamentado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado em um centro de referência de um Hospital Universitário do Sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com 20 enfermeiros. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo com apoio do software Qualitativa Data Analysis Mine. Resultados: revelam, na vivência do atendimento prestado, representações como: condutas desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros; dificuldades encontradas para o desenvolvimento das atividades assistenciais às mulheres em situações de violência sexual; e sugestões para melhorar o atendimento a essas mulheres. Conclusão: as representações sociais dos enfermeiros acerca do atendimento de enfermagem prestado às mulheres em situação de violência sexual estão ancoradas na execução de protocolos de forma humanizada, objetificada na noção de acolhimento.

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the social representations of nurses about the nursing care provided to women in situations of sexual violence. Method: qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, based on the Social Representations Theory, conducted in a reference center of a University Hospital in southern Brazil. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with 20 nurses. The interviews were submitted to content analysis with the support of the Qualitative Data Analysis Mine software. Results: they reveal, in the experience of the care provided, representations such as: conducts developed by nurses; difficulties encountered in the development of care activities for women in situations of sexual violence; and suggestions to improve care for these women. Conclusion: the social representations of nurses about the nursing care provided to women in situations of sexual violence are anchored in the execution of protocols in a humanized way, objectified in the notion of reception.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer las representaciones sociales de las enfermeras sobre la atención de enfermería prestados a las mujeres en situaciones de violencia sexual. Método: estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, realizado en un centro de referencia de un Hospital Universitario del Sur de Brasil. Los datos se recogieron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 enfermeras. Las entrevistas se sometieron a un análisis de contenido con el apoyo del software Qualitative Data Analysis Mine. Resultados: revelan, en la experiencia de los cuidados prestados, representaciones tales como: comportamientos desarrollados por las enfermeras; dificultades encontradas en el desarrollo de las actividades de atención a las mujeres en situación de violencia sexual; y sugerencias para mejorar la atención a estas mujeres. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales de los enfermeros sobre la atención de enfermería prestada a las mujeres en situación de violencia sexual se corresponden con la ejecución de protocolos de forma humanizada, objetivada en la noción de acolchamiento.

Survey on the Prescription Patterns of Pharmacological Agents in Individuals Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses During Forensic Outpatient Treatment in Germany: How Many Discontinue Testosterone Lowering Medication Under Parole?

BACKGROUND: The number of individuals who sexually offended, and who are continued to be treated with pharmacological agents to reduce sex drive after their release from prison or forensic psychiatry, are not known. Furthermore, figures on the number of those who stop their sexdrive supressing antiandrogen treatment in the outpatient setting are unknown as well. This is of central importance though as it might be associated with an increased risk of recidivism. AIM: To assess prescription patterns as well as adherence to pharmacological treatment in outpatient clinics in Germany for individuals who have sexually offended and were released from prison or forensic psychiatric hospital. METHODS: A self-constructed online survey assessing the pharmacological treatment modalities was sent by e-mail to n = 103 forensic outpatient clinics in Germany. Thirty-three (32.0%) completed the questionnaire and reported about 834 patients. OUTCOMES: Prevalence of the use of different pharmacological agents in the treatment of individuals convicted for sexual offenses as well as the number of patients who have discontinued testosterone-lowering medication (TLM). RESULTS: Among all institutions, 22.4% (n = 187) of individuals received pharmacological treatment, with 40.1% receiving gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-agonists, 26.2% antipsychotics, 24.6% selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 6.4% cyproterone acetate, and 2.7% a combination of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-agonists and cyproterone acetate. A significant positive correlation was found between the number of patients released from a forensic-psychiatric hospital and the number of patients treated with TLM. Within 1 year 8.6% (n = 16) stopped their TLM during or at the end of the supervision period, most of them against treatment providers advice. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Substantial regional differences indicate uncertainties regarding the prescription of pharmacological agents for outpatients who have committed sexual offences in Germany. The discontinuiation of TLM within the first year of treatment against treatment providers advise in a substantial proportion of patients could be associated with a serious risk for reoffending. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The present survey captures prevalences of the pharmacotherapy in forensic aftercare facilities for individuals who have offended sexually, and is the first to record the number of discontinuations. This is a cross-sectional survey covering only 1 country, but includes a large number of individuals. CONCLUSION: Even though the number of treated individuals has increased in prisons, the majority of pharmacological treatment is still provided by forensic hospitals, which then translates into the outpatient setting. The number of those who stop taking such medication is a highly relevant topic for both forensic treatment providers and legal decision makers Sauter J, Rettenberger M, Briken P, et al. Survey on the Prescription Patterns of Pharmacological Agents in Individuals Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses During Forensic Outpatient Treatment in Germany: How Many Discontinue Testosterone Lowering Medication Under Parole?. J Sex Med 2022;19:1147-1155.

[Aggressiveness, assertiveness, and sexual deviance: An empirical-quantitative examination of Stoller's perversion theory]. / Aggressivität, Assertivität und sexuelle Devianz: Eine empirisch-quantitative Prüfung der Stoller'schen Perversionstheorie.

Aggressiveness, assertiveness, and sexual deviance: An empirical-quantitative examination of Stoller's perversion theory Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to empirically examinate the psychodynamic-founded perversion theory of Robert D. Stoller (1979), particularly his assumption of a transformation of aggressive impulses into sexual deviant fantasies due to traumatic experiences. Methods: In the present study different aspects of the theory were examined by using a sample (N = 954) of individuals convicted of sexually motivated offenses who had been clinically and forensically assessed between 2002 and 2018 at the Federal Evaluation Centre for Violent and Sexual Offenders (FECVSO) in the Austrian Prison System. As a part of the psychological testing procedure, German-speaking questionnaires for the assessment of aggressiveness and assertiveness were applied. Results: The results indicated that participants with a diagnosis of paraphilia showed significantly less spontaneously expressed aggression and less social competence compared to individuals without such a diagnosis. Conclusions: The findings of the present study are in line with the core assumptions of Stoller's perversion theory by demonstrating an inverse relationship between the diagnosis of paraphilia and self-reported aggression.

Atendimento de enfermagem às mulheres em situação de violência sexual: representações sociais de enfermeiros / Nursing care for women in situations of sexual violence: social representations of nurses / Atención de enfermería a mujeres en situaciones de violencia sexual: representaciones sociales de los profesionales de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as representações sociais de enfermeiros acerca do atendimento de enfermagem prestado às mulheres em situação de violência sexual. Método: estudo qualitativo, tipo exploratório-descritivo, fundamentado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado em um centro de referência de um Hospital Universitário do Sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com 20 enfermeiros. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo com apoio do software Qualitativa Data Analysis Mine. Resultados: revelam, na vivência do atendimento prestado, representações como: condutas desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros; dificuldades encontradas para o desenvolvimento das atividades assistenciais às mulheres em situações de violência sexual; e sugestões para melhorar o atendimento a essas mulheres. Conclusão: as representações sociais dos enfermeiros acerca do atendimento de enfermagem prestado às mulheres em situação de violência sexual estão ancoradas na execução de protocolos de forma humanizada, objetificada na noção de acolhimento.

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the social representations of nurses about the nursing care provided to women in situations of sexual violence. Method: qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study, based on the Social Representations Theory, conducted in a reference center of a University Hospital in southern Brazil. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews with 20 nurses. The interviews were submitted to content analysis with the support of the Qualitative Data Analysis Mine software. Results: they reveal, in the experience of the care provided, representations such as: conducts developed by nurses; difficulties encountered in the development of care activities for women in situations of sexual violence; and suggestions to improve care for these women. Conclusion: the social representations of nurses about the nursing care provided to women in situations of sexual violence are anchored in the execution of protocols in a humanized way, objectified in the notion of reception.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer las representaciones sociales de las enfermeras sobre la atención de enfermería prestados a las mujeres en situaciones de violencia sexual. Método: estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, realizado en un centro de referencia de un Hospital Universitario del Sur de Brasil. Los datos se recogieron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 enfermeras. Las entrevistas se sometieron a un análisis de contenido con el apoyo del software Qualitative Data Analysis Mine. Resultados: revelan, en la experiencia de los cuidados prestados, representaciones tales como: comportamientos desarrollados por las enfermeras; dificultades encontradas en el desarrollo de las actividades de atención a las mujeres en situación de violencia sexual; y sugerencias para mejorar la atención a estas mujeres. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales de los enfermeros sobre la atención de enfermería prestada a las mujeres en situación de violencia sexual se corresponden con la ejecución de protocolos de forma humanizada, objetivada en la noción de acolchamiento.

Elaboration and validation of an educational video for the prevention of sexual violence in adolescents / Elaboración y validación de un video educativo para prevenir la violencia sexual en adolescentes / Construção e validação de vídeo educacional para prevenção da violência sexual de adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the elaboration and validation process of an educational video for the prevention of sexual violence in school-age adolescents. Method: this is a methodological study, developed from September 2018 to February 2021 in Recife-PE. Production of the educational video was carried out according to the methodological path proposed by Kindem and Musberg. The video was submitted to content validation and face evaluation by expert judges and school-age adolescents, respectively. In the data analysis, absolute frequency, Content Validity Index and binomial test were used. Results: in content validation, agreement was satisfactory and the mean validity index for all video items was 0.92. In the face evaluation, the adolescents considered the video understandable, with a minimum agreement level of 92.3%. Conclusion: the educational video elaborated was considered by the judges as valid to contribute to the knowledge and attitude of school-age adolescents regarding the prevention of sexual violence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el proceso de elaboración y validación de un video educativo para prevenir la violencia sexual en adolescentes en edad escolar. Métodos: se trata de un estudio metodológico, desarrollado entre septiembre de 2018 y febrero de 2021 en Recife-PE. La producción del video educativo se realizó de acuerdo con el recorrido metodológico propuesto por Kindem y Musberg. El video fue sometido a validación de contenido y evaluación de su aspecto a cargo de jueces especialistas y de adolescentes en edad escolar, respectivamente. En el análisis de los dados, se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas, el Índice de Validez de Contenido y la prueba binomial. Resultados: en la validación del contenido, la concordancia fue satisfactoria y la media del índice de validez correspondiente a todos los ítems del video fue de 0,92. En la evaluación del aspecto, los adolescentes consideraron que el video es comprensible, con un nivel de concordancia mínima del 92,3%. Conclusión: el video educativo que se elaboró fue considerado válido por los jueces, con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento y la actitud de los adolescentes en edad escolar sobre la prevención de la violencia sexual.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o processo de construção e validação de um vídeo educacional para prevenção da violência sexual em adolescentes em idade escolar. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo metodológico, desenvolvido durante o período de setembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2021 em Recife-PE. Foi realizada a produção de vídeo educacional de acordo com a trajetória metodológica proposta por Kindem e Musberg. O vídeo foi submetido a validação de conteúdo e avaliação de aparência, por juízes especialistas e adolescentes em idade escolar, respectivamente. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se frequência absoluta, índice de validade de conteúdo e teste binomial. Resultados: na validação de conteúdo, a concordância foi satisfatória e a média do índice de validade para todos os itens do vídeo foi de 0,92. Na avaliação de aparência, os adolescentes consideraram o vídeo compreensível, com nível de concordância mínima de 92,3%. Conclusão: o vídeo educacional construído foi considerado válido por juízes, para contribuir no conhecimento e atitude de adolescentes em idade escolar sobre a prevenção da violência sexual.

Sinais e sintomas de violência sexual infantojuvenil: relatos de profissionais de saúde / Señales y síntomas de la violencia sexual infantojuvenil: relatos de profesionales de la salud / Signs and symptoms of children's sexual violence: reports of health professionals

RESUMO Objetivo identificar sinais e sintomas apresentados por crianças e adolescentes que despertam nos profissionais de saúde a suspeita/identificação de violência sexual. Método estudo com abordagem qualitativa realizado em 2019, com 30 profissionais de um hospital público da Bahia, mediante gravação das entrevistas com base em questionário semiestruturado e analisadas segundo Bardin. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados dor, sangramento, alteração ou laceração da genitália e/ou ânus e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis constituem sinais e sintomas que despertam os profissionais para suspeita e/ou identificação da vivência de violência sexual infantojuvenil. Conclusão os profissionais de saúde suspeitam e/ou identificavam a vivência de violência sexual quando crianças e adolescentes apresentam complicações relacionadas ao trato genital e anal, que podem resultar em óbito.

RESUMEN Objetivo identificar señales y síntomas presentados por niños y adolescentes que despiertan la sospecha / identificación de violencia sexual en los profesionales de la salud. Método estudio con enfoque cualitativo realizado en 2019, junto a 30 profesionales de un hospital público de Bahía, mediante el registro de las entrevistas en base a un cuestionario semiestructurado y analizadas según Bardin. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados dolor, sangrado, alteración o laceración de los genitales y / o ano e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual son señales y síntomas que hacen sospechar y / o identificar, a los profesionales, la experiencia de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Conclusión los profesionales de la salud sospechan y / o identifican la experiencia de violencia sexual cuando los niños y adolescentes tienen complicaciones relacionadas con el tracto genital y anal, que pueden resultar en la muerte.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify signs and symptoms presented by children and adolescents that lead health personnel to suspect or identify sexual violence. Method this qualitative study was conducted in 2019, with 30 health personnel from a public hospital in Bahia, by recording interviews based on a semi-structured questionnaire, which were analyzed by reference to Bardin. The project was approved by the research ethics committee. Results pain, bleeding, alteration or laceration of the genitalia and/or anus and sexually transmitted infections are signs and symptoms that lead health personnel to suspect and/or identify that children and adolescents have experienced sexual violence. Conclusion health personnel suspected and/or identified the experience of sexual violence when children and adolescents had complications relating to the genital and anal tract, which can result in death.

Gestação secundária à violência sexual infantojuvenil: percepções de profissionais de saúde / Pregnancy secondary to child sexual violence: perceptions of health professionals / Embarazo secundario a violencia sexual infantil: percepciones de los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: Desvelar a percepção da equipe multiprofissional de saúde sobre a realidade social de crianças e adolescentes vitimizadas sexualmente. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, exploratório, desenvolvido com 30 profissionais da equipe multiprofissional de saúde de um hospital público da Bahia, no período entre os meses de junho à julho de 2019. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas, interpretadas, categorizadas e analisadas com base no seu conteúdo, de acordo com Bardin, sob a luz do Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: Na percepção das profissionais do estudo, crianças e adolescentes de ambos os gêneros foram vitimizadas sexualmente, porém a maioria dos relatos remete a vítimas do sexo feminino. Na perspectiva das participantes, as vítimas pertenciam à a raça/cor negra e, no que tange a origem social, estavam submersas na pobreza e eram advindas de locais periféricos da capital do estado. A realidade social das vítimas infantojuvenis de violência sexual foi percebida mediante aproximação e interação das profissionais com as crianças/adolescentes e suas respectivas famílias durante o atendimento. Considerações finais: Crianças e adolescentes em vulnerabilidade social, que sofrem violência sexual, necessitam de um olhar sensível e holístico de profissionais de saúde, visto que demandam cuidados diferenciados, para fins de alcançar a integralidade na assistência. (AU)

Objective: To describe the perception of health professionals about pregnancy secondary to sexual violence against children and adolescents. Methods: This is an excerpt from an exploratory, qualitative study carried out between June and July 2019 with five women from the multidisciplinary team of a hospital in Bahia. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, analyzed and categorized according to Badin's assumptions and interpreted in the light of Symbolic Interactionism. Results: Pregnancy secondary to sexual violence results from early sexual initiation by imposition/induction of incestuous sexual abuse or child marriage with adult men. The maintenance of pregnancy resulting from these abuses is often imposed by persuading the victim to maintain the pregnancy, by late arrival at the health service and by procrastination in carrying out the termination of pregnancy, which are ways of restricting the autonomy of children/adolescents who seek legal abortion. Because of these injunctions, the victims suffer overlaps from injuries such as psychological violence, intimate partner violence and institutional violence. Conclusion: Pregnancy resulting from sexual violence against children and adolescents may be combined with other types of violence that restrict the sexual and reproductive rights of children and adolescents. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir la percepción de los profesionales de la salud sobre el embarazo secundario a violencia sexual contra niñas y adolescentes. Métodos: Este es un extracto de un estudio cualitativo exploratorio realizado entre junio y julio de 2019 con cinco mujeres del equipo multidisciplinario de un hospital de Bahía. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas, analizadas y categorizadas según los supuestos de Badin e interpretadas a la luz del Interaccionismo Simbólico. Resultados: El embarazo secundario a violencia sexual es el resultado de la iniciación sexual temprana por imposición/inducción de abuso sexual incestuoso o matrimonio infantil con hombres adultos. El mantenimiento del embarazo derivado de estos abusos, muchas veces se impone persuadiendo a la víctima para que mantenga el embarazo, por la llegada tardía al servicio de salud y por la postergación en la realización de la interrupción del embarazo, que son formas de restringir la autonomía de las niñas/adolescentes que buscar un aborto legal. Debido a estas medidas cautelares, las víctimas sufren superposiciones de lesiones como violencia psicológica, violencia de pareja y violencia institucional. Conclusión: El embarazo resultante de violencia sexual contra niñas y adolescentes puede combinarse con otros tipos de violencia que restrinjan los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de niñas y adolescentes. (AU)

Sinais e sintomas de violência sexual infantojuvenil: relatos de profissionais de saúde / Signs and symptoms of children's sexual violence: reports of health professionals / Señales y síntomas de la violencia sexual infantojuvenil: relatos de profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: identificar sinais e sintomas apresentados por crianças e adolescentes que despertam nos profissionais de saúde a suspeita/identificação de violência sexual. Método: estudo com abordagem qualitativa realizado em 2019, com 30 profissionais de um hospital público da Bahia, mediante gravação das entrevistas com base em questionário semiestruturado e analisadas segundo Bardin. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: dor, sangramento, alteração ou laceração da genitália e/ou ânus e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis constituem sinais e sintomas que despertam os profissionais para suspeita e/ou identificação da vivência de violência sexual infantojuvenil. Conclusão: os profissionais de saúde suspeitam e/ou identificavam a vivência de violência sexual quando crianças e adolescentes apresentam complicações relacionadas ao trato genital e anal, que podem resultar em óbito.

Objective: to identify signs and symptoms presented by children and adolescents that lead health personnel to suspect or identify sexual violence. Method: this qualitative study was conducted in 2019, with 30 health personnel from a public hospital in Bahia, by recording interviews based on a semi-structured questionnaire, which were analyzed by reference to Bardin. The project was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: pain, bleeding, alteration or laceration of the genitalia and/or anus and sexually transmitted infections are signs and symptoms that lead health personnel to suspect and/or identify that children and adolescents have experienced sexual violence. Conclusion: health personnel suspected and/or identified the experience of sexual violence when children and adolescents had complications relating to the genital and anal tract, which can result in death.

Objetivo: identificar señales y síntomas presentados por niños y adolescentes que despiertan la sospecha / identificación de violencia sexual en los profesionales de la salud. Método: estudio con enfoque cualitativo realizado en 2019, junto a 30 profesionales de un hospital público de Bahía, mediante el registro de las entrevistas en base a un cuestionario semiestructurado y analizadas según Bardin. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: dolor, sangrado, alteración o laceración de los genitales y / o ano e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual son señales y síntomas que hacen sospechar y / o identificar, a los profesionales, la experiencia de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud sospechan y / o identifican la experiencia de violencia sexual cuando los niños y adolescentes tienen complicaciones relacionadas con el tracto genital y anal, que pueden resultar en la muerte.

Violência sexual facilitada por drogas: caracterização e experiências de mulheres atendidas em um hospital especializado do Paraná / Drug-facilitated sexual violence: characterization and experiences of women treated at a specialized hospital in Paraná

Resumo: A violência sexual, enquanto crime facilitado por substâncias químicas, denomina-se Violência Sexual Facilitada por Drogas ou em inglês, Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA). Emergiram as seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: qual é o perfil das mulheres que sofreram violência sexual facilitadas por drogas, atendidas em um hospital especializado? Qual a experiência de mulheres que vivenciaram a violência sexual facilitada por drogas? Teve-se como objetivos: caracterizar as mulheres que sofreram DFSA, atendidas em um hospital especializado do Paraná, entre os anos de 2010 e 2019; e conhecer a percepção de mulheres atendidas em um hospital especializado do Paraná sobre a experiência da DFSA. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com duas abordagens metodológicas. O primeiro objetivo utilizou a abordagem quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, com utilização de 342 dados da ficha de notificação individual. O segundo objetivo recebeu abordagem qualitativa, por entrevistas com 18 mulheres que sofreram DFSA, e os dados foram analisados mediante análise temática por Bardin, com apoio do software webQDA. Assim, emergiram três categorias: Contexto em que a DFSA ocorreu; A busca por ajuda após a DFSA; e Dificuldades e estratégias de enfrentamento após a vivência da DFSA. Identificaram-se 342 notificações de DFSA entre 18 e 62 anos, concentrando 53,3% entre 20 e 29 anos; 75% brancas; 28% ensino médio completo e 26% superior completo; 39% trabalhadoras, 22% estudantes e 74,8% solteiras. A DFSA ocorreu 62% no final de semana; 47% na madrugada; 38% em residências e 27% em via pública. No hospital especializado, 82% receberam profilaxias para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST);79% imunização para hepatite B; 74% anticoncepção de emergência; e 65% denunciaram com coleta de vestígios. Nas entrevistas, o álcool foi a substância química mais relatada e houve suspeita de adição de drogas secretamente nas bebidas. A DFSA ocorreu em ambientes de descontração, acompanhadas por conhecidos, com perda de consciência e acordaram após a DFSA nas festas ou residências. A DFSA causou sentimentos negativos de medo, vergonha e culpa associados ao consumo de álcool. Procuraram por apoio informal e por apoio formal para diminuir consequências na saúde mental e física. O medo de contrair IST foi motivante para buscar ajuda e houve desconhecimento e barreiras no acesso à rede intersetorial e hospital especializado. No primeiro contato com o hospital especializado, a experiência evidenciou-se positiva e destacaram a assistência da enfermagem. Constataram-se dificuldades em superar o vivido com isolamento e fobia social e reconheceram a necessidade de terapia. O apoio informal, relacionamento afetivo-sexual, convívio social, trabalho e estudos foram estratégias de enfrentamento para superar a DFSA. Evidenciou-se o desconhecimento da rede intersetorial pelas mulheres e por parte dos profissionais consultados. Destacou-se a falta de adesão ao seguimento ambulatorial, pois desejavam esquecer a DFSA e buscaram assistência em outros serviços. Reconheceram que ao falar da DFSA colaborou com a recuperação, que pode levar à conscientização e ajudar outras mulheres. Ao se aprofundar sobre a DFSA, concluise que os profissionais e a enfermagem necessitam de uma postura livre de préjulgamentos, proporcionar conforto e apoio emocional para a recuperação dessas mulheres.

Abstract: Sexual abuse while perpetrated under the effect of chemical substances is called Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA). The following research questions evolved: What is the profile of women who suffered drug-facilitated sexual assault? What is the experience of women who lived drug-facilitated sexual assault? It objectified: to profile women who underwent DFSA, assisted at a reference hospital in Paraná State, Brazil, between 2010 and 2019; to apprehend the perception of women assisted at a reference hospital in Paraná State on their lived experience of DFSA. It is a research study which made use of two methodological approaches. The first objective used a crosscut, descriptive and quantitative approach by means of 342 data from the individual report form. The second objective used a qualitative approach, by means of interviews with 18 women who underwent DFSA, and data were analyzed under Bardin's thematic analysis, supported by the webQDA software. Thus, three categories emerged: Context where the DFSA took place; The search for help after the DFSA; and Difficulties and coping strategies after undergoing the DFSA.342 DFSA reports were identified between 18 and 62 years, prevalence of 53.3% between 20 and 29 years; 75% were Caucasian; 28% were high-school graduates, and 26% were higher-education graduates; 39% worked, 22% were students and 74.8% were single. For 62%, the DFSA occurred during the weekend; 47% during the early hours of morning; 38% at residences, and 27% in public settings. In the reference hospital, 82% took medication for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), 79% took hepatitis B vaccine; 74%, emergency contraceptives; and 65% reported the DFSA and biological collection was conducted. In the interviews, alcohol was the most reported chemical substance, and suspicion of secretly administered drugs in their drinks. The DFSA occurred in relaxing environments, among acquaintances, losing their conscience and recovering it after the DFSA in parties or residences. The DFSA caused negative feelings of fear, shame and guilt, associated with alcohol ingestion. They searched for formal and informal support in order to reduce the outcomes for their mental and physical health. Their fear of getting STDs made them turn to help, and there was lack of knowledge and barriers to access the intersectoral network and reference hospital. The first contact with the reference hospital evolved in a positive experience, and nursing care stood out. Difficulties were evidenced to overcome what they had experienced, unfolding social withdrawal and phobia, thus, recognizing that they needed psychological therapy. The informal support, sexual-affective relationships, social interaction, work and studies were coping strategies to get over the DFSA. The lack of knowledge about the intersectoral network by the women and the consulted professionals was evidenced. Lack of adherence to outpatient follow-up stood out because they wanted to forget the DFSA and searched other services for support. They recognized that talking about the DFSA helped their recovery, which may lead to awareness and help other women. Going deeper into the DFSA, it was concluded that professionals and nursing professionals require a non-judgemental attitude, providing comfort and emotional support for the women's recovery.

The current status of sexually transmitted infections in South Korean children in the last 10 years.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to review the status of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in children in South Korea between 2010 and 2019, as well as to establish guidelines for the prevention and management to reduce the incidence of STIs in children. METHODS: Data reports from 590 STI surveillance institutions in local health center, hospital-level medical institutions with urology or obstetrics/gynecology departments and public hospitals between 2010 and 2019 in the integrative disease management system of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency as of December 2020 were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 172,645 cases of STIs were reported over the 10-year period (2010-2019), of which 2,179 cases (1.26%) represented STIs in children below the age of 18 years. A higher incidence of infections was observed in girls (1,499 cases, 68.79%) than in boys (680 cases, 31.21%). The STIs that had the highest incidence were, in descending order, chlamydial infections (997 cases, 45.75%), gonorrhea (592 cases, 27.17%), condyloma acuminata (338 cases, 15.51%), genital herpes (250 cases, 11.47%), and chancroid (2 cases, 0.09%). In adolescents aged 14 to 17 years, chlamydial infections, genital herpes, and gonorrhea were most frequently reported. Condyloma acuminata, in particular, have been consistently reported in children below the age of 14 years. CONCLUSION: Children must be protected legally and institutionally from sexual abuse. Specific management protocols for STIs in children must be established by local governments and associated organizations. National human papillomavirus vaccination programs should be expanded to include boys, and anti-STI educational efforts using modern media should be more activated.